Effects of National Culture on the Marketing Strategies Dissertation

Effects of National Culture on the Marketing Strategies - Dissertation Example The paper tells that international business theory begins with trade. Daniels and Radebaugh identified and compared ten types of trading theories. The theories are mercantilism, neomercantilism, absolute advantage, country size, comparative advantage, factor-proportions, product lifecycle, country similarity, dependence, and strategic trade policy. In the factors-proportions theory, there are four defined factors related to each home country. The factors are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. The land is the natural resources associated with the physical boundaries of the country that are used to produce things. Countries without a strong and sufficient land base are forced to engage in international trade in order to obtain needed resources. Labor is the availability of unskilled and semiskilled workers within the country that can be mobilized for production purposes. Capital is the money, machinery, and infrastructure a country possesses. Countries abundant in these areas are considered more developed countries. Entrepreneurship is the creative management and ideas people use to solve problems and find new opportunities. The four factors explain the inherent resources a country possesses that make it attractive for trade, and therefore, international business. The theory is that "differences in a country's proportionate holdings of factors of production explain differences in the costs of the factors and that export advantages lie in the production of goods that use the most abundant factors."

Responding to GASB Requests for Public Comment Essay

Responding to GASB Requests for Public Comment - Essay Example Therefore, it is greatly relevant to release the exposure drafts for public commentary before they get implemented by the government. The major benefit of exposure drafts is primarily to improve financial reporting by state of local government pension plans. This would help improve the effectiveness of the obtainable principles of accounting and fiscal reporting for drafted pensions. When the public are aware of these drafts, it opens a wide room for recommendations for them, thus providing the concerned bodies such as the local government and the respective institutions to make appropriate decisions regarding all the citizens’ opinions (GASB, 2011). This further encourages transparency between the government and the citizens of a nation and its citizens. The benefits of exposure drafts exist in the inter-period equity and the supporting statements of accountability which is highly essential to the government as it facilitates easy cooperation for the implementation of the rel evant policies concerning employees for a particular country (GASB, 2011). This would ease the intensity with which different employees are to be paid considering various logistics involved in the decisions made. Through these measures, new and effective accounting and financial reporting standards would emerge. ... Critical elements of the exposure draft The critical elements of the exposure draft are the key parts of the draft that needs to be looked at by the citizens, especially when they are giving their views and observations. This will help the financial and accounting board in implementing the new standards effectively. First, a defined benefit pension plan should present a statement of a plan net position which includes various information about plan assets, liabilities, deferred outflows and inflows of resources and the net position are considered as per end of the reporting duration (GASB, 2011). The benefit pension plan should also contain a statement of changes in a plan net position that incorporates information such as additions to, deductions from and the net increase or decrease in plan position of the net during that period. The defined pension plan schedule should also be able to show the measurement of the net pension liability of employees. The net pension liability of the e mployee is determined as the total pension liability of the employer measured in conformity to total pension liability, timing and frequency of the measurement, assumptions on selection, project of benefit payments and ac considerate discount rate. When all these aspects are collectively considered then it becomes effective to understand and interpret the financial information presented. Consequently there should an element of the effective date and transition which is effective for financial statements for periods commencing next year thus the plan should encompass a single employer pension plan, plan net pension as per the first fiscal year reporting (GASB, 2011). Therefore, it is should be noted by the board that effective dates address the user’s needs considering the information

Art Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Music - Essay Example g and best representative of the Renaissance period, Palestrina’s polyphonic music is pure, and the voicing is well balanced, smooth, beautifully harmonized and transparent in sound. On the other hand, Giovanni Gabrielli’s music lasted way past the Renaissance period; therefore, it was a little bit different from the compositions of the other composers of the renaissance period. Gabrielli meticulously employed the antiphone in his compositions, whereby, a group of instruments or choir could be heard on one side, and then a response would come from another group of instruments or musicians on another side. Gabrielli preferred composing sacred works, this music greatly influenced the development of the Baroque period, therefore, it is sensible to say that Palestrina’s music represents the Renaissance period better than Gabrielli’s music. The Baroque period of music is a period that allowed self-expression, formation of counterpoints, certain degrees of ornamentation and open forms. This period is classified between 1600 and1750; in this period, many musicians and composers came up with unique styles, forms and textures of musical. Although this period is known for its inconsistency, the music in this era shares the same genre, but the various pieces can sound very different. Comparing Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), it is hard to choose which one of the two best represents the Baroque period, however, research shows that Bach’s keyboard virtuoso and brilliant composition culminated Baroque music. Antonio Vivaldi’s on the other hand, invented a form of music called ritornello, he wrote over 500 concertos. Nevertheless, his music lay undiscovered until the early twentieth century, this made Bach the highlight of the Baroque period. Vivaldi’s Four Seasons contains twelve concertos with distinct fast-slow-fast movements. The musicality of these sonnets is something to admire, but the Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 G in

Coursework 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

5 - Coursework Example The fourth proposition establishes that equity-holders are indifferent about the firm’s financial policy (Gitman, 2009). Given a fixed amount of total capital, the allocation of capital between debt and equity is irrelevant because the weighted average of the two costs of capital to the firm is the same for all possible combinations of the two. In the context of the modern theory of finance, it represents one of the first formal uses of a no arbitrage argument though the â€Å"law of one price† is longstanding. It structured the debate on why irrelevance fails around the Theorem’s assumptions: by neutral taxes; by no capital market frictions (i.e., no transaction costs, asset trade restrictions or bankruptcy costs); by symmetric access to credit markets (i.e., firms and investors can borrow or lend at the same rate); and by the firm financial policy reveals no information (Eiteman, 2007). Discuss the different ways in which a corporation can distribute cash to it s shareholders. Dividends and stock repurchases are the two major ways that corporations can distribute cash to their shareholders.

Walkers Crisps Analysis | SWOT and PESTEL

Walkers Crisps Analysis | SWOT and PESTEL Jump to: Marketing Mix Analysis of Walkers | SWOT Analysis of Walkers Crisps | Product Lifecycle of Walkers Crisps | Importance of PESTEL Analysis | PESTEL Analysis of Walkers Crisps Introduction PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages with revenue of more than $43 billion and over 198,000 employees. PepsiCo took social and environment responsibility and provide hygienic products to their customers. They are committed to delivering sustainable growth and build trust with people. They have unique value because they bring people of different culture and diverse brands in different culture. To understand different culture is the advantage. They are integrated with suppliers, consumer, retail customer and communities. PepsiCo identify needs of customers and put right thing in right market place. Employing over 48,000 people and bringing in over $11 billion of business, Frito-Lay invigorates PepsiCos portfolio of products with plenty of good food and good fun. Frito Lay producing snacks on earth starting with simple, farm grown ingredients. They put their effort to minimize environmental factors and improving their snacks. Frito Lay provide best testy chips with less fats because they used natural ingredients, no using artificial flavor, color, and other ingredients that are associated with hygienic. Walkers Crisps History Henry walker (1880s) was a butcher as professionally. He belonged to a town Midlands near to the Leicester. In 1945 meat was scarce than Henry began cooking slices of potato. In 1954 first flavor crisps were introduced with ingredient cheese and onion. After that Henry Walker convert into crisps brand Walkers. Now Walkers has been introduced different brands in crisps and very famous in consumers who like snacks with different taste. Walkers Crisps are made from a good old British spuds. British land condition and temperature are suitable for potatoes production. Rain and mud are perfect for potatoes growing. Introduction of task In this task identify a type of growth for Walkers and requirement two marketing strategies and justify how Walkers can achieve competitive advantages and long term growth to use these strategies. Market Market refers to the group of consumers or organizations that is interested in the product, has resources to purchase the product, and is permitted by law and other regulations to acquire the product. Marketing Marketing is a management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. Growth for Walkers Henry Walkers took step in crisps world and introduced different brands in market. Walkers created natural flavors and ingredients like sun seed oil (naturally lower in saturates) and capture potential market. According to survey conducted for marketing magazine by TNS that Walkers is biggest brand in UK. It sales was 505 million. One of the most important elements of growth is how to give leverage to their customer and which type of bond you build with your customers. Companies first step to build strong relation with customers. It is a good year for Walkers Crisps, which made 3rd place out of 100 grocery brands. With a 5.2% growth in brand value now Walkers brand worth 424.5 million pounds and previous figure was 403.6 million pounds. Walkers Crisps Marketing Mix Analysis The 5ps Products Walkers have introduced variety of products and produced new products and can see their products on market Walkers French fries Walkers lite Walkers sensations Walkers square Walkers quavers Walkers max Walkers monster munch Walkers cheese onion Walkers grilled bacon Walkers ham cheese Walkers saltsn shake Walkers success base on these products. Price In UK the price of Walkers Crisps around 30 p to 2.50 pound. In some places or stores their prices vary according to market. We see their price differ in hospitals, health club, and social club as compare to regular market. Place Places where the crisps are sold like stores, mini market, super market, retail stores or public places. Personnel Now over 5,200 employees are working in 15 locations. Only good quality potatoes are selected for making crisps. Every individual are attached with machine that peels the potatoes other in charge of slicing machine, frying, seal of approval, weighting. All work are done under supervision of management and finally loaded on truck. It takes approximately 20 min to full a tuck with crisps. Promotion Promotion is the part of marketing. Walkers promote crisps through media like television; newspapers etc. promotion is the key element of strategy to attract customers. In this era without promotion company can not be succeed because customer did not aware about brand without advertising. Main promotion of crisps is television and internet because its target market is child and young people and those who like salty things. Walkers Crisps SWOT Analysis (S)trengths Own potatoes production Sun seed oil (saturated fat) Natural ingredients. Provide range of taste in crisps Has taken steps to reduce carbon footprint. Biggest brand according to TNS. 3rd place out of 100 grocery brand. Good quality Lower priced products. Strong brands (W)eaknesses Create new product with high expenses People like healthy eating. (O)pportunities Go multinational Update technology Outturn every other company (T)hreats employees could go on strike high competition forcing people life style customer needs government influence potential entrance Walkers Crisps Product Life Cycle Now Walkers Crisps is in its maturity position because it is a biggest UK brand but when product get high position than its sales graph decline after maturity. Marketers develop new products. Walkers went to maturity after competition started its sales decline because competitors had introduced better quality crisps in low price in market. But it was no end of Walkers, it create new flavors and taste and push right button at right time. Marketing strategies for Walkers Walkers can adapt two strategies to achieve their objectives market development market penetration Market development strategies Every one is familiar with the Walkers brand. Walkers has strong brand in UK and captured 100% crisps market. They have proved their sales and good promotion. Walkers have established a very strong, compatible, reliable, qualitative brand. Walkers need to current products in new market because it is strong weakness that they dont focuses on new market. Other hand new market has potential like Asian market. Market penetration Walkers are working in UK, it has established its brand in current market but after maturity product naturally decline because new competitors enter in current market and provide resistance to the current market leader. At this situation R D department innovate new products t achieve competitive advantages. Walkers will try to come up with even more great flavored crisps. Justification for Walkers Intensive growth: Walker should adapt intensive growth to maximize its profit. Market penetration strategy Encourage new customer to buy more through advertising. Attract competitor customers to own products by new taste and style in current products Attract new users to tell them that its for you and essential for you. Market development strategy Expend new market where crisps like but few competitors Have additional distribution channel both including direct or indirect Sell new locations Above mention two strategies market development market penetration must be adapt to achieve long term objectives. Only few companies operating in Europe, Asia, Africa and others. It means that market have potential. Task 2 Introduction of task In this task discuss PESTEL analysis for Walkers. Assess the impact of technological change and globalization for the companys market planning in the next three years. What is a PESTEL analysis? PESTEL is the abbreviation of: P: Political E: Economic S: Sociological T: Technological L: Legal E: Environmental Many are factors that influence in macro environment of any organization. These factors effect on decision of managers of the organizations. For example, change in Tax, new laws, geographic factors, demographic factors (income change, style change, fashion change etc.), change in government policy are the factors that influence on organization. PESTEL analysis help the decision maker to analysis these factors and make solid decision. Example PESTEL Analysis: Political e.g. the pound, international trade, taxation policy Economic e.g. interest rates, exchange rates, national income, inflation, unemployment, Stock Market Social e.g. ageing population, attitudes to work, income distribution Technological e.g. innovation, new product development, rate of technological obsolescence Environmental e.g. global warming, environmental issues Legal e.g. competition law, health and safety, employment law Before making decision, it is necessary to predict micro and macro environment factors. Micro factors influence on the organization internal environment whereas macro factors influence on externally. Organization can not affect on these factors, nor do these factors directly influence on profitability of an organization. But through these factors, organization can minimize weakness and maximize strengths internally because strength and weakness affect organization internally while threats opportunity affects externally. PESTEL analysis is the useful tool to understand the broad picture of the environment in which an organization is operating. This is also tells about risk that are associated with market. Using PESTEL analysis: Internal environment is nor more complex as compare to external environment because to identify competitive change in landscape. So it is needs to undertake PESTEL analysis in regular base and for managers, using PESTEL analysis must be prepared to look all around them. Walkers Crisps PESTEL Analysis Now using PESTEL analysis of Walkers in UK: (P)olitical: These refer to government policy that may be change such as degree of invention in the economy. Identify in which environment you operate including tax policy, employment laws, trade policy, tariff, and political stability. If we analysis UK political system which is stable and perfect. National and international investors invest in UK. Because it is best place where numerous visitors and students are came. Political decision impacts on many areas in business environment. May be tax policy discourage investors and investors can switch off or any other political disability. In UK include face a big problem a recession. Walkers also face this problem. (E)conomics: Economic factors include interest rate, taxation, economic growth, inflation, exchange rates etc. High interest rates affect investor decision because investors borrow from bank to invest in his business but he will pay high amount to the bank. Inflation can affect, labors and employees demand high rates and they will purchase raw material in high cost. High national income growth may boost demand for firms products We are discussing the new market for Walkers to develop their market or launching new product in current market. (S)ociological: Change in social trends can impact on demand. Social factor is important. In UK population has been aging. This factor is caused increase in cost of organization. Staff is spent long time in organization that cause in increase salary and other benefits and retirement employees get benefit in the form of pension. In sociological environment culture values and norms directly affects on organization. Beside this others factor like health, population growth rate, career, security safety, global warming factors influence on organization. some countries very conscious on health issues and Walkers focus on this issue and has implemented clean environment plan. (T)echnological: Technological change impacts on business. New businesses create new products services and replace old technology. Innovation brings improvement in business and business take competitive advantage and capture new market and customers. Before online transition, customer was paid cash but now we can purchase every thing through online. Online shopping, bar coding, and other improvement in technology bring satisfaction both customers organization. Business can expand through new technology and make quick decision financially. It is necessary to Walkers to update new technology but technology change should not cause health and other related issues. (E)nvironmental: If we discuss environment it means we focus all environment factors. Now global warming is the biggest issue. This factor get high important among industries all focus on this issue and trying to minimize this factors. Firms are creating environmental friend products. It is necessary to Walkers to introduce such products which provide protection to the environment. (L)egal: It is related to legal environment in which firms operate. In UK, many legal changes that have been affected firms behavior. UK government has revised wages plan. This change has been impacted on firms cost. This may impact employment, resources, import/export, taxation etc. A Walker is UK Company so change in legal policy may not affect on it. Impact of Technological change: In modern ear technological has got great important. Every day new invention is going and organization updating their technologies. In past FORDISM change create great impact on all world and Fordism concept was is the combination of mass production to produce sustained economic growth and widespread material advancement. During this period, the system of organization of production and consumption has, perhaps, undergone a second transformation. Which when mature promises a second burst of economic growth. Now distance shrink and communication become fast and world become smaller. Internet has got great importance in this era and business are attached with business. E business has got significant importance in developed countries and developing countries are going to E. business. Most of the organizations are adapting produces and models that will helpful in future. Business making strategies for developing their strength and minimize weakness. Conclusion Recommendation: Walkers have very good market in UK, providing their customers good crispy products having twelve brands of snacks and crisps. They have captured forty three percent of UK market; have very good marketing strategy like having a former England football team captain as Walkers brand ambassador. But they have very potential growth opportunities which will need to be availed by having improved marketing strategy and addressing the hidden markets to penetrate in those areas, and also try to attract new customers into market, also the customers of their competitors. Also they need to keep updating on their system and technologies both for information sharing, marketing and product preparation to have improved quality of products and achieve the organizational goals and objectives.

Luxury Goods: Definition and literature

Luxury Goods: Definition and literature Chapter 2: Literature Reviews 2.0 Definition of Luxury Goods The word ‘luxury can be defined as state of life in which has uses things that please the senses or pleasing to have but not essential. â€Å"A good attains the label as a â€Å"luxury† when it has a particular design, quality, performance or durability that is remarkably superior to the comparable substitutes† (Snapshot of U.S Luxury Good Market, 2007). Dubois, Laurent and Czellar (2001) and Survanasuddhi (2007) stated a definition of the nature and characteristics of the concept of luxury. The six facets are excellent quality, very high price, scarcity and uniqueness, aesthetics and polysensuality, ancestral heritage and personal history and superfluousness. Luxury goods are rising in popularity especially as consumers buying behavior is becoming more symbolized. Consumers feel that by owning luxury products can express their personality and set them apart. Thus, â€Å"luxury goods have been defined as goods for which the mere use or display of a particular branded product brings prestige on the owner, apart from any functional utility† (Nia and Zaikowsky,2000) The term ‘prestige was defined as it consists of consumers motivations for chasing technical superiority, uniqueness, signaling wealth and status well as aesthetics appeal (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). ‘Prestige and ‘luxury are used synonymously in the VIgneron and Johnsons research. Vigneron and Johnson (1999) categorized three types of prestige brand as upmarket brands, premium brands and luxury brands, respectively in an increasing order of prestige. Hence, it was expected that people would have different perceptions of the level of prestige for the same brands, and that the overall prestige level of a brand would consider the prestige perceptions from different people. Source: Vigneron and Johnson (1999) â€Å"Luxury brands can be described as premium priced brands that consumers purchase for their psychological values (symbolic and hedonic), and not predominately for their economical and functional value† (Nueno and Quelch 1998; Stegeman, 2006). However, the definition of luxury goods or brands cannot be fully recognized. The definition of luxury will be different and may not be the same for another researcher. Chadha Husband (2006) definition limits itself in that it only pertains to luxury fashion goods instead there are other luxury goods that are also both universally available and accepted as luxury. The definition of luxury brands have been defined as fashionable and high quality consumers goods made by reputed luxury brands which contained wearable fashion goods such as handbag, wallet, shoes and belt (Chadha and Husband, 2006; Heinemann, 2008). Fashion can be reflection of the social, economic, political and artistic forces of the time. Accoding to Gao, Norton, Zhang, To (2009), â€Å"luxury fashion goods are apparel, accessories, handbags, shoes, watches, jewellery, and perfume for which use or display of particular branded products brings prestige to owners, apart from any functional utility†. Snapshot of U.S Luxury Good Market (2007) stated fashion group represent the major product sector in the luxury goods market. It is important to know that the survey showed that â€Å"one sixth (16%) of the worlds consumers claim to buy designer brands† (ACNielsen, 2008). For this research, the term luxury goods can be defined as the brands that are defined as luxurious in the annual â€Å"Consumer and Designer Brand Report 2008† by the global Nielson firm which the survey is the largest and it identified the following goods as the luxury fashion goods. Calvin Klien Giorgio Armani Celine Ralph Lauren Louis Vuitton Ferragamo Diesel Burberry Chloe Chanel Versace Marc Jacobs Christian Dior Prada Gucci Givenchy DKNY Emporio Armani Valentino Hermes Fendi Yves Saint Lauren Max Mara The fashion goods that show above are not the only goods that are stated as luxury in this research. Consumers allow to evaluate and include other brands which they think is luxury fashion goods for them. Furthermore, there are many opinions and views of luxury from different leaders viewpoint stated in KPMG research (Managing Luxury Brand Growth, 2006). Luxury is explained in the table below as following: Leaders Name and Company Definition 1. Guy Salter * Private Investor, Deputy Chairman of Walpole, the British Luxury goods organization Because luxury matters in a way that didnt matter before. Increasingly, luxury is big business: the luxury segment is growing and according to most projections it will continue to grow for the next ten to fifteen years. 2. Belinda Earl, * Jaeger Groups chief executive * Jaeger is a luxury British brand renowned for designing stylish, innovative and superb quality womenswear, menswear and accessories. None of us are in the business selling necessities; luxury is the business of creating and satisfying desires. 3. Richard Purdey of gun makers James Purdey and Sons * Famous British gun maker of London, and the name is synonymous with the very finest sporting shotguns and rifles. Purdeys hold or have held numerous warrants of appointment as gun and rifle makers to the British and other European royal families. A real luxury brands has got to have total integrity. It has to be the buyer that says ‘this is luxury. 4. Theo Fennell * Theo Fennell is the jewellery maker by using his name for his company ‘Theo Fennel in London Luxury is something that everyone wants and nobody needs. 5. Joseph Wan of Harvey Nichols * CEO of retailer Harvey Nichols * Harvey Nichols is an international luxury lifestyle store, renowned both in the UK and internationally for the breadth and depth of its exclusive fashion merchandise. It offers many of the worlds most prestigious brands in womenswear, menswear, accessories, beauty, food and home. Luxury is about history. A luxury brand is a lifestyle concept and to be sustainable it has to have history, including a history of quality merchandise and of real luxury customers.. 6. Raphael le Masne de Chermont, of Shanghai Tang * Executive Chair of Shanghai Tang * Shanghai Tang is the first luxury brand emerging design from Chiana It is not in the price, it is in the pleasure you give to the customer. It is to do with creativity, a harmonious aesthetic with attention to details. 7.Christian Hafner * Head of Branding at Swarovski Luxury is about history, authenticity, depth and being a partner. Buying a luxury product is like a love affair. 2.1 Generation Y Generation Y are also referred as the Millennial Generation or Generation Next or Net Generation describes the demographic cohort following Generation X. Its members are often referred to as Millennials or Echo Boomers. According to Shareef Mahdavi (2008), Generation Y is the term used to describe children of the Baby Boomer generation, typically born between 1977 and 1995. McCrindle (2008) described the generation Y born in between 1980 and 1994. They are also referred to as ‘Millenials and ‘Echo Boomers in the western society, especially American Society. Generation Y are individuals who born between 1977 to 1994 that have a free spending spirit and consist of 71 million 8 to 25 year olds (Horovitz, 2002; Sriviroj 2007). The wealthiest groups of people are between the ages of 19 to 25 year olds who are either employed in full time jobs or part time work even though there are group amount of generation Y consumers. The greatest purchasing power in the Generation Y college student takes place within the part-time student, who spends over $400 monthly on discretionary purchases while often maintaining full-time employment (Gardyn, 2002). Those who are either part time or at full time work are college students (Martin Turley, 2004). Students always work as part time work to find extra funding for their excessive spending during the university holidays or breaks. There are average 80% of students attending college or university are employed (Martin Turley, 2004). The financial knowledge of the average Generation Y consumer also earns them the awareness and respect of marketers even though their spending power alone is enough reason to pay significant attention to this group of consumers. The financial knowledge of the average Generation Y consumer also earns them the respect of marketers today. Generation Y consumers have a remarkable amount of disposable income due to the increasing of greater level in the economy over the past decade (Martin Turley, 2004). Besides that, the research suggested that â€Å"Generation Y has more discretionary income than the previous generations and prefer to spend it on themselves rather than others. A reason for this may be because they are starting families later in life and therefore are able to spend their income on themselves without having to worry about others† (Angela Hughes, 2008) The important of this group of consumers has taken on the greater level of meaning for marketer. â€Å"While the Baby Boomers grew up with television advertising influencing how they were marketed to and how they bought products, Generation Y has many different mediums that they grew up with, which is what makes marketing to them so much more difficult† (Angela Hughes, 2008). Marketers are playing the large part influence consumers behaviour through the knowledge of fashion. The reason is that teenagers are concerned about fashion value more than any other age groups (Koester and May,1985; Sriviroj 2007). One of the most influencers is the media because of media consist of a wide range of technology such as television, internet, mobile phone and DVD. (Angela Hughes, 2008, Sriviroj 2007). The internet has permanently changed the way that this generation shops by giving the information about products than the companies give the consumer. According to Angela Hughes (2008), he in ternet is also a powerful tool for this generation in spreading opinions about products to their peers. The largest differences between Generation Y and those that preceded them are Generation Ys tremendous awareness and confidence. Generation Y is more likely than any previous generation to look up information before purchasing a product. Generation Y is more desirable to own the products that they know their peers will accept just to show they are part of the group. On the other hand, in the research of Sriviroj (2007) stated that television is strongly influence these generation which affect them as they will reflect their perceptions in â€Å"reality† as they have seen in television world. â€Å"Of the paid advertising channels of online, outdoor, newspaper, magazine, radio, TV and Theatrical, TV and newspaper are the most trusted media† (Nielsen Global Online Consumer Survey, 2009). â€Å"Generation Y is poised to take over as the largest and most lucrative consumer group for marketers, a position that has long been held by the Baby Boomer generation† (Angela Hughes, 2008). In order to understand the generation Y consumers, it is important to think about factors that motivate these individuals towards the purchasing of luxury goods. 2.2 Social Influence Previous research shows that group influences play an important role in influencing the purchase decisions (Brinberg and Plimpton, 1986; Martin and Bush 2000; Mascareches and Higby, 1993). The group members have been recognized as determinant of behavior. The fact that the people act in accordance with a frame of reference produced by the group to which they belong is a long accepted and sound premise (Merton and Rossi, 1949). However, many individuals did not behave like the majority of people in their recognized group (e.g., social class or educational level).The casual observation showed perplexing contradictions between group membership and behaviors. According to Merton and Rossi (1994), â€Å"a partial solution was found in the concept of â€Å"reference group†, which recognizes that people frequently orient themselves to other than membership group in shaping their behaviors and evaluations and that reference groups can perform a diversity of functions.† Reference groups are generally defined as â€Å"actual or imaginary institutions, individuals, or groups conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual‟s evaluations, aspirations, or behavior† (Lessig and Park, 1975; Pertina, Prybutok, Zhang, 2008). Besides that, reference group also can be defined as â€Å"a group of people that significantly influence an individuals behavior† (Bearden and Etzel, 1982). Reference group are important because they make the individual aware to a specific goods or brands and influence individuals to adopt attitude and behaviour that are consistent with the norm of the group. The normative and informative social influences are the most widely accepted influence. Normative social influence is based on the tendency to conform to the expectation of others while informational influence is based on the desire to make informed decisions and optimize the choice (Stephen Yang and He, 2009; Khan and Khan, 2005). Berden and Etzel (1982) examined that the reference group influence by product and the brand purchase decision. Previous research studied group influences in marketing strategy and consumers purchasing behaviour. Specifically, three types of group influences are studied which is information, utilitarian and value expressive influences (Stephen Yang and He; Bearden and Etzel, 1982; Makgosa and Mohube, 2007; Pertina, Prybutok, Zhang, 2008). Informational influence is reflected when an individual perceives enhancement of knowledge and ability to cope with environment when using information from opinion leaders, experts, or product users. Utilitarian influence manifests through the process of compliance with those who can exercise reward or punishment power. Value-expressive reference group function is based on the identification process whereas an individual who associates oneself with a group to enhance self-concept adopts this groups consumption patterns. Reference groups have been found to specify what the desirable and undesirable goods are (Bristol and Malengburg, 2005; Khan and Khan, 2005). Many researchers have argued that individuals are more susceptible to reference groups influence when the goods is conspicuous and publicly consumed (Bearden and Etzel, 1982; Makgosa and Mohube, 2007; Batra, Homer, Kahle, 2009; Morris and White, 2009). The influence of a reference group on consumer behavior can be done in one of two ways, either directly or indirectly. In the research Stephen Yang and He (2009), reference groups refer the group that individual has frequent contact with (such as family members, work associates, classmates, friends, etc.). These group is refers to the groups used by an individual to direct one purchasing behaviour in particular situation. These are generally referred as direct reference group (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1994). On the other hand, it included â€Å"the groups that does not have the membership in or direct contact with, such as certain expected groups or people in a certain social level (Stephen Yang and He, 2009). Based on the work of Khan and Khan (2005), the direct reference group influence was illustrated as â€Å"families, friends, co-worker, formal social groups and other leisure groups†. This differs from the indirect reference groups comprise of â€Å"individuals and groups t hat influence consumers purchase intentions without having and direct contact such as celebrities and sport personalities† (Khan and Khan, 2005). 2.2.1 Direct Reference Groups Direct reference groups can be defined as direct contact from the individual or groups with the consumers. With the reference from †¦.., it showed that families, friends, co-worker, formal social groups and other leisure groups are under this categories. A person has several reference groups for various subjects or different decisions normally. For example, â€Å"a woman may consult one reference group when she is purchasing a car and a different reference group for lingerie† (Consumer Behaviour, no date).These direct reference groups are the one who frequently contact with the consumers, It can be seen that the groups views from direct reference groups whether purchase the goods in order to be like group members, believing in group members decisions or a sign of wanting to fit in the group. The previous researchers have carried out the investigations on how the role models (parents, relatives, peers) influence teenagers purchase intentions and behavior (Martin and Bush; Subramanian and Subramanian, 1995)) and how parents and peers influence various products and brands purchase decisions (Bearden and Etzel, 1982). Researcher has shown that overt family communication can and often does influence younger consumers attitudes toward purchases and their consumption patterns (Martin and Bush). Consumers always do not feel confident enough to evaluate alone. They will consult a friend or partner by inviting them along to a potential purchase can enhance the process. â€Å"Having a peer present meant that shop assistants become largely irrelevant and that evaluation of a brand centered largely on initial peer reaction to fit, style and price-based decisions† (Guy W.Mullarkey, 2001). â€Å"It is also interesting to note that of all the three direct reference groups, friends tend to exert the greatest influence where individuals purchase brands because they identify themselves with their peers† (Khan and Khan, 2005). From the numerous researches that have been done, direct reference groups influence make an immediate impact to the consumers. Therefore, it can be concluded that direct reference groups play a significant role in providing relevant information, deemed necessary to make a purchase and conform the group norm. 2.2.2 Indirect Reference Groups Indirect reference groups is the group that influence consumers purchase decisions without having any direct contact with the consumers such as celebrities and sport personalities. Khan and Khan (2005) defined celebrities as â€Å"individuals who are well known to the public for their advertisements in areas other than product class endorsed† and that they represent â€Å"an idealisation of life†. In luxury goods industry, it will be much easier by connecting the brand to a celebrity and is even viewed, in some instances, as a necessity. This is because a luxury goods company is in the business of building and selling dreams, and nothing is more helpful in making such dreams concrete and thus more believable in the eyes of the consumer, than communicating it through a famous personality. Celebrities are being increasingly used in marketing communication by marketers to lend personality to their products in India (Matrade Chennai, 2005). Young consumers especially the generation-Y like advertisement more if they are attracted or admire the celebrities. Positive feelings toward the celebrities and the brand itself will develop more from the young consumers. â€Å"Research indicates that celebrity endorsements can result in more favorable advertisement ratings and product evaluations and can have a substantial positive impact on financial returns for the companies that use them† (Silvera and Austad, 2004). Besides that, previous research indicates that celebrities exert influence on consumers purchase intentions and decisions (Martin and Bush, 2000). â€Å"Celebrities have also been found to enhance persuasiveness of messages and lead to actual purchases† (Khan and Khan, 2005). For example, Madonna and Demi Moore for Versace—beautiful, successful, mature women in their 40s, transgressive, independent, non-conformist, sexy, etc. (Roncaglia and Brevetti, 2006). In conclusion, even there is no direct contact with consumers; indirect reference groups have the strong influence to the generation-Y which affects their brand choices toward the luxury goods. 2.3 Perceived Conspicuous Value Vigneron and Johnson (1999) defined five values of prestige behaviour combined with five relevant motivations, and from these identified five different categories of prestige consumers. According to his study, particularly emphasized the role of interpersonal effects on the consumption of prestige brands, and derived three main effects: Veblen, Snob, and Bandwagon. â€Å"The Veblen, snob and bandwagon effects are evident with consumers who perceive price as the most important factor, with a higher price indicating greater prestige. They usually buy rare products and in this way emphasise their status† ((Husic and Cicic, 2008). In addition, the study also conducted by Vigneron Johnson (1999) included the conceptualized framework on two main personal effects: Hedonist and Perfectionist. â€Å"Hedonists and perfectionists are more interested in pleasure derived from the use of luxury products, and less interested in the price than quality, product characteristics and performance. These consumers know what they want and use their own judgment while price exists only as proof of quality† (Husic and Cicic, 2008). Perceived conspicuous value which known as Veblen effect is the consumption of the luxury product is viewed as a signal of status and wealth, whose price, expensive by normal standards, enhances the value of such a signal. (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). Several researchers demonstrated that price of product have a significant aspect in consumers opinion of quality (Vigneron Johnson, 1999). The price of the product is use to judge quality of the luxury products between different brands. Luxury is an expensive investment. Therefore, a high price has to be justified by an outstanding quality and aesthetics that mass produced goods cant guarantee (Barnier, Rodina, Florence, 2005). For some consumers, high price equals high quality; therefore, they are willing to pay more for high quality. â€Å"Brand exclusivity is the positioning of a brand such that it can command a high price relative to similar products† (Groth and McDaniel, 1993). In addition, it is suggested that â€Å"consumers who perceived price as a proxy for quality, also perceived high prices as an indicator suggesting a certain degree of prestige† (Lichtenstein, Ridgway, and Netemeyer 1993). This statement is further supported in recommend the use of prestige-pricing strategy by the marketing literature when appealing to status-conscious consumers (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999; Luong Thi Bich Thuy, 2008). Numerous researchers have conducted the original work from Bourne (1957), which focused on the influence of reference groups on the consumption of prestige brands (Mason 1981 and 1992; Bearden and Etzel 1982, Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). They found that there was a positive relationship between conspicuous consumption and reference groups. Studies on reference group influence have shown that the â€Å"conspicuousness of a product was positively related to its susceptibility to reference group influence† (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). Additionally, Bearden and Etzel (1982) stated that luxury products that were publicly purchased are more conspicuous products in comparison to products that were privately consumed. The studies also suggested that the luxury products may used to communicate information about their identity. Veblen (1899) suggested that conspicuous consumption was used by people to signal wealth and by inference power and status. The utility of the luxury products may be to display wealth and one could consider that luxury brands would dominate the conspicuous segment of the consumers. In conclusion, it can be concluded that conspicuous consumption of luxury goods is used to display wealth, power and status. It is playing significant role that how individual motivated into purchasing luxury goods. 2.4 Perceived Quality Value Within the field of marketing, the construct of perceived quality has been widely acknowledged as the primary driver of purchase intention (Jacoby and Olson, 1985). According to Vigneron and Johnson (1999), perceived quality value is defined as â€Å"luxury is partly derived from technical superiority and the extreme care that takes place during the production process†. Thus, Husic and Cicic (2008) stated perfectionism effect or perceived quality as â€Å"perfectionist consumers depend on their own perception of the products quality, and may use price as further evidence of quality†. â€Å"Excellent quality is a sine qua non and it is important that the premium marketer maintains and develops leadership in quality† (Quelch, 1987; Vigneron and Johnson, 1999; Dubois, Laurent, Czellar, 2009; Barnier, Rodina, Florence, 2005; Srichan Sriviroj, 2007 ). In a survey conducted by ACNielsen (2008), it was found that on a global average, â€Å"28% believe that are of significantly higher quality than standard brands†. Source: ACNielsen Report (Consumer and Deisgner Brands), April 2008 Consumer might own prestige goods because they are likely to be of higher quality (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). A consumer who own a luxury fashion goods is likely to expect that the goods longevity and durability (Dubois, Laurent, Czellar, 2009; Barnier, Rodina, Florence, 2005; Srichan Sriviroj, 2007; Sarisa Suvarnasuddhi, 2007) compare with mass products. It should become better with time and should not lose its appeal (Barnier, Rodina, Florence, 2005). According to the Nielsen survey (2009), designer brands stand for fashion and superior quality however in the developing markets of Latin America, Asia, South Africa and the UAE. A half of respondents in these countries think these brands are for fashion followers, and up to 40 percent believe they offer superior quality. Thus, it is interesting that the greatest percentage of people who believe designer brands offer significantly higher quality over non designer alternatives hail from Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Turkey. Source: ACNielsen Report (Consumer and Deisgner Brands), May 2006 Luxury and premium brands are expected to show quality and even greater quality as well (Garfein, 1989; Roux, 1995; Vigneron and Johnson, 1999; Srichan Sriviroj, 2007; Luong Thi Bich Thuy, 2008). Groth and McDaniel (1993) stated that â€Å"high prices may even make certain products or service more desirable†, because people take that products with high prices with great quality (Rao and Monroe, 1989). In fact, luxury products will lose their scarcity and uniqueness characteristics if luxury products are not priced high (Dubois and Duquesne, 1993). The studies and literature on luxury products suggested that the â€Å"quality cue might also be used by consumers to evaluate the level of prestige of brands† (Rao and Monroe, 1989; Vigneron and Johnson, 1999; Luong Thi Bich Thuy, 2008). A low level of quality would play a negative role over the perception of the brand. In contrast, the persons quality perception would play a positive role over his or her perception of presti ge on the same brand if the buyer or the consumer perceives the brand as having an excellent level of quality. (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999; Luong Thi Bich Thuy, 2008) According to Vigneron and Johnson (1999), it stated that the perfectionist effect exists when consumers purchase luxury items and expects superior products and performance as well as quality. People who represent the perfectionist effect are those â€Å"who are assessed to personal values and judge a product according to their value of a luxury brand product† (Srichan Sriviroj, 2007; Luong Thi Bich Thuy, 2008) such as comfort and speed for luxury car or accuracy of the luxury watch. Even previous researches showed that conspicuous vale is more important effect and evident with consumers who perceive price is the most important factor. However, there were researchers stated that quality value is also important such as Jacoby and Olson (1983). In conclusion, perceived quality value were found important to study and can be use to identify the luxury consumption. 2.5 Brand Image Brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one sellers good or service as distinct from those of other sellers (www.marketingpower.com; Iyiade Adedamola Taofik, 2009; Suvarnasuddhi, 2007). In the research of Korchia (1999), â€Å"image creates value in a variety of ways, helping consumers to process information, differentiating the brand, generating reasons to buy, giving positive feelings, and providing a basis for extensions†. Cheng (2006) stated that brand is important because the consumers perception of a product can be affected by the added value of a brand. â€Å"Brands signal to consumers the quality of a product, the image that it is meant to convey, as well as representing particular current garment styles and trends in a fashion context† (Keller, 1993; Guy W.Mullarkey, 2001). Brand image can be defines as â€Å"perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consumer memory† (Keller, 1993; Cheng, 2006; Rio, Varques, Iglesias, 2001). Many researchers have been agreed the important of brand image. Brand image is pivotal because it influences purchase intention and consumers preference as well as they are willing to recommend to others and willing to pay higher price (Forsythe, Kwon, P.Leone, Shannon, 2008; Aiello, Donvito, Godey, Pederzoli, Wiedmann, Hennigs, Siebels) â€Å"To succeed in the changing marketplace, a designer brand needs to sell its core brand values; the â€Å"image† reflected in the design and the lifestyle it represents is what consumers pay a premium to buy into† remarked byKaren Watson, Chief Communications Officer, The Nielsen Company. Consumers able to difference the product differentiation, decrease the purchase risks, obtain several experience and recognize the product and its quality through brand image (Lin and Lin, 2007). â€Å"The personal identification function is related to the fact that consumers can identify themselves with some brands and develop feelings of affinity towards them† (Rio, Varques, Iglesias, 2001). It refers to correspondence between consumers behaviour, self image and image of the product. Through the image of the products the consumers buy and use, his or her self image can be improve based on the theory. It also can be inferred that â€Å"individuals prefer brands that have images compatible with their perceptions of self† (Chiu, Lin, Chiu, Chang). In addition, a positive brand image able to lower the products purchase risks and increase the positive feedback from consumers. â€Å"Consumers are more likely to purchase well known brand products with positive brand image a s a way to lower purchase risks† (Akaah and Korgaonkar, 1988; Aiello, Donvito, Godey, Pederzoli, Wiedmann, Hennigs, Siebels). Hence, consumers feel it is less risky by purchasing branded products. â€Å"The country of origin of a brand is also an influential factor for consumers choosing a product in both Asia and in Western countries† (Pervin). There are many researches suggested the country of origin influence on consumer perception and behaviour through the image of the products country of origin (Phau and Leng, 2008; Forsythe, Kwon, P.Leone, Shannon, 2008; Aiello, Donvito, Godey, Pederzoli, Wiedmann, Hennigs, Siebels). It creates positive brand image to increase the possibility for the products to be chosen and also raise the inferior image of the country of origin (Thakor and Katsanis; 1997 Lin and Lin, 2007). According to Grewal, Krishnan, Baker, and Borin (1998), the better a brand image is, the more recognition consumers give to its product quality.

How Minority Students Struggle in College Essays -- Personal Narrative

How Minority Students Struggle in College In the lives of minority students, education is seen as essential. It’s a dream, one that we are still trying to interpret. If we know nothing else, we know that education is important because it determines the future one is going to have. The major problem is that the education of minority students before college is poor. This deficiency causes great conflict for minority students in adapting themselves to new educational habits. Lack of good study skills makes it difficult for a minority student to control one’s time management and concentration. While these students are trying to change their study habits, there is another variable that could help or distract them from fixing their weaknesses. It is true that parents and professors do have an influence upon us. These people play a big part in the education of students, but the impact of their persuasion is not always positive. Despite all the struggles that a minority student faces, I believe people in this group can find the secret to becoming educated and successful individuals. Education is exceptionally significant for a minority student. A minority student faces economic issues with his or her lower class status. There is very little money. A minority student comes from a home in which parents have a low level of education. There are not many books around while growing up. A desire to change their economic and cultural position makes education their first priority as a goal they have to reach. Life’s circumstances did not give their parents the chance to go to school. Minority students have seen first-hand how hard it is to live throughout their lives without education. These students believe that if they ed... ...an the upper class students. As a minority student, I advise that we should not let anyone put us down. That is the secret. With or without support, we should keep in mind our goal of becoming professionals in our field of study. If our interest in school is interrupted, we must maintain our deepest reasons for attending college. Looking back and reminding ourselves of our goals will help us to get back on track. College is a race that many of us are competing to win, but we are starting off behind. Minority students should keep on fighting to catch up. It is a complicated battle that consists of personal ambition, educational desire, and inner persistence. If we keep on struggling to become better individuals, we can hopefully someday free ourselves and take off these uneducated and minority labels from our backs and become part of the educated majority.

Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter starts off slow, but gets very interesting near the end. In the beginning, you meet the Dursleys, Harry’s aunt, uncle, and their son Dudley. Then you learn that Harry’s parents were witches, and that they were destroyed by a evil wizard. A good witch, Albus Dumbeldoor, sends Harry to the Dursleys, because they’re his only remaining family. The Dursleys however, hated Harry and his family, so Harry was mistreated for years. He was forced to live in a cuborrod under the stairs. He had to watch as the fat, stuck up Dudley got whatever he wanted, and then usually broke whatever it was he got. Then one day Harry got a letter. As Harry was beginning to read the letter, his uncle, Vernon Dursley, took it from him. After reading the... Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Essay examples -- Essays Papers Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter starts off slow, but gets very interesting near the end. In the beginning, you meet the Dursleys, Harry’s aunt, uncle, and their son Dudley. Then you learn that Harry’s parents were witches, and that they were destroyed by a evil wizard. A good witch, Albus Dumbeldoor, sends Harry to the Dursleys, because they’re his only remaining family. The Dursleys however, hated Harry and his family, so Harry was mistreated for years. He was forced to live in a cuborrod under the stairs. He had to watch as the fat, stuck up Dudley got whatever he wanted, and then usually broke whatever it was he got. Then one day Harry got a letter. As Harry was beginning to read the letter, his uncle, Vernon Dursley, took it from him. After reading the...

Inventory System Essay

Inventory management is vitally important for any business that sells a physical product. An inventory system must balance having enough inventories on hand to meet the demand of customers while investing as little money as possible in inventory. Perishable products add another dimension of management considerations because they must be cycled through the inventory system more quickly and stored in a way that preserves their value. An inventory control system is an integrated package of software and hardware used in warehouse operations, and elsewhere, to monitor the quantity, location and status of inventory as well as the related shipping, receiving, picking and put away processes. In common usage, the term may also refer to just the software components. An inventory control system may be used to automate a sales order fulfillment process. Such a system contains a list of order to be filled, and then prompts workers to pick the necessary items, and provides them with packaging and shipping information. It is a supervision of the supply and storage and accessibility of items in order to insure an adequate supply without excessive oversupply. Inventory management systems are software programs used to maintain, gather and track inventory from the moment it reaches a retail setup to the moment it is sold. Automation has increased the efficiency and accuracy of inventory management, allowing companies to get information about a particular product’s sale levels and whether it is time to reorder at the very moment the item reaches a predefined stock level. The McDonald’s started in 1954. Raymond Kroc who is the founder saw a hamburger stand in San Bernardino, California and visualized a nationwide fast food chain. Kroc tested himself as an ancestor who revolutionized the American restaurant industry. Actually, Raymond Kroc is esteemed being the Farther of Industry. It became a popular and profitable teen hangout. In 1948, the brothers closed and reopened the restaurant to sell only hamburgers, milkshakes and French fries. As per the information of the McDonald’s history, the major revenue came from hamburgers, which were sold at a nominal price of 15 cents. The restaurant gradually became famous and the McDonald brothers begin franchising their restaurant in the year 1953. The first franchise was taken by Neil Fox and under it; the second McDonald’s restaurant was opened in Fresno, California. It was the first to introduce the Golden Arch design. The third and fourth restaurants were opened in Saginaw, Michigan and Downey, California, respectively. The latter is the oldest McDonald’s restaurant still in operation. In 1954, an entrepreneur and milkshake-mixer salesman, Ray Kroc, acquired the franchise of McDonald’s restaurant for outside California and Arizona. In effect, Kroc opened his first and the overall ninth restaurant in Illinois, Chicago, and gave birth to McDonald’s Corporation. In 1958, the restaurant chain sold its 100 millionth hamburger. In 1960, Kroc renamed his company as ‘McDonald’s Corporation’. In 1961, Kroc convinced the McDonald brothers to sell the business rights to him for a sum $2.7milion. Later that year, the Hamburger University was opened, which gave away McDonald’s restaurant Bachelor of Hamburgology degrees to students. In 1963, the mascot Ronald McDonald was born as a part of a marketing strategy in US. In 1967, the first restaurant outside US was opened in Richmond, British Columbia. In 1974, the 3000th restaurant opened in Woolwich, United Kingdom, which is the first of the country. Happy Meal was introduced in US in 1979. In 1984, the company became the main sponsor of the Summer Olympics. The year was also marked by the death of Ray Kroc. In 1988, the first restaurant opened in a communist country in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, followed by the first Soviet restaurant in Moscow (1990). In 1992, the largest McDonald’s was opened in Beijing, China, having over 700 seats and was later demolished. In 1993, the first sea-going restaurant was established, aboard the Finnish Cruise-ferry Silja Europa, sailing between Helsinki and Stockholm. In 1994, McDonald’s bagged the Catalyst Award for its program for ‘fostering leadership development in women’. In 1996, the first Indian restaurant was opened. In 2003, the company launched the ‘I’m lovin’ it’ campaign. In 2005, McDonald’s started its McDelivery service in Singapore. In 2006, the chain announced that it will publish nutritional information on its packaging of all its products, for the benefit of the c ustomers. Considering the huge success and brand McDonald’s has become, the food chain is spread across the world in almost all the major cities of the globe. Being economic and user friendly, the success rate of the company cannot be doubted. In 1985, the first McDonald’s restaurant in Thailand was opened at Amarin Plaza. Currently, there are more than 100 McDonald’s restaurants nationwide with a ring of convenient services at anytime and anywhere which including breakfast meals from 5.00-11.00 Am., Drive -thru, Dessert kiosk and McCafe. Besides, there is the McDelivery service on 1711 running from 9 Am. until midnight and some restaurant also offer 24-hour service to serve. Through the years, McDonald’s remained the world’s top quick service restaurant. With more than 33,000 branches in more than 120 countries around the globe, McDonald’s has served billions of customers since its first restaurant in 1955. McDonald’s history began even before the onset of the Second World War when brothers Dick and Mac McDonald started a drive-in restaurant business in Riverside California. Their menu was composed simply of 10-cent hamburgers and other drive-in products. After the war, the brothers opened a new type of restaurant in San Bernardino, California, where a little hamburger man called â€Å"Speedee† became the company’s symbol Dick’s and Mac’s endeavors proved so successful that other operators sought out franchises from them. In 1954 Ray Kroc exclusive sales distributor for Multimixer intrigued by the brother’s â€Å"Speedee System† visited the latter in San Bernardino, Upon his return to Chicago, Kroc obtained the exclusive licensing rights to the brothers system and had become heir National Franchise Agent in April of the same year construction began on the first restaurant in what was called the Mcdonald’s System Inc. The famous Golden Arches arrived in the Philippines in 1981 when George T. Yang president of McGeorge Food Industries was awarded franchising privilege in the country by McDonald’s international. The first store opened in the busy university area of Morayta while the second was established in the prime commercial area of Cubao beside New Frontier Theater. And now as they say, the rest is history. With the desire of providing Filipino customers with high quality food and service that meet global standards, George T. Yang, opened the first McDonald’s store along Morayta, Manila in 1981. Since then, McDonald’s has introduced so many innovations that captured the hearts of the Filipinos. It was McDonald’s who first offered the Value Meals and the Happy Meal. It was McDonald’s who first provided employment opportunities for students. And it was McDonald’s who first played an active role in helping out in the community through McDonald’s Charities. These and so many other â€Å"firsts† are the reasons for McDonald’s phenomenal growth! Today, with Kenneth S. Yang at the helm, McDonald’s is now a multi-billion-peso company with almost 274 stores nationwide! And still counting! Background of the Study Today McDonald’s is the largest brand of fast food restaurant that serve 52 million customers per day more than 100 countries. With the world-class standard, McDonald’s unites the QSC&V standards strictly all McDonald’s restaurants around the world. McDonald’s is one of the leading restaurant chains in the world, touching the lives of people everyday. The long journey of the burger brand started in 1940, when two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald opened the first McDonald’s restaurant in San Bernardino, California. Initially, they owned a hotdog stand, but after establishing the restaurant they served around 25 items, which were mostly barbequed. Statement of the Problem The study attempts to know the more effective inventory control system that McDonald’s should use. 1. To determine whether Perpetual or Periodic Inventory Control System is to be used by McDonald’s 2. To determine whether McDonald’s performs effectively and efficiently in managing their inventories 3. Are there times when McDonald’s are out of stock because of wrong inventory? 4. Are there any problems in the accounting system of McDonald’s? Significance of the Study In order to determine the type of Inventory Control System that McDonald’s should use the researchers showed some of the contributions to the management and customers: For the management-this research study will help them choose the appropriate and more effective type of Inventory Control System in order to improve their management. For the customers-so that they would enjoy freshly made food. SCOPE The study covers Inventory Control System such as Periodic and Perpetual System. Periodic System is a type of Inventory Control System in which merchandise purchases are recorded in the purchases account, and the inventory account balance is updated only at the end of each accounting period while Perpetual System is a type which has traditionally been associated with companies that sell small numbers of high-priced items, but the development of modern scanning and computer technology has enabled almost any type of merchandiser to consider using this system. McDonalds follows a Just in Time (JIT) system of inventory management. JIT, as the name suggests, is the system of supplying products to customers as soon as they have ordered for it, with minimal delay between placing the order and getting it in hand. McDonalds doesn’t begin to cook or assemble or preheat their stuff until they receive a customer order. This was not the case earlier. They had a different approach to inventory management wherein they used to pre-cook a batch of hamburgers and sit under heat lamps. It used to keep them under the lamps for as long as possible and eventually discard whatever they couldn’t sell. Hence customers couldn’t enjoy freshly made food. The only way it could happen was by the customer giving a special order. It also covers the efficiency and effectiveness of McDonald’s in managing their fast food chain, their service and the satisfaction that they would provide for their valued customers. LIMITATION This research study is limited only in San Pedro, Laguna. McDonald’s in San Pedro Laguna is located in Cataquiz Subdivision, National Hi-Way, San Pedro, Laguna. HYPOTHESIS: Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in Inventory Control System in either Periodic System or Perpetual System. Alternative Hypothesis: Is there any significant difference in Inventory Control System in either Periodic System or Perpetual System? DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Inventory-The value of materials and goods held by an organization (1) to support production (raw materials, subassemblies, work in process), (2) for support activities (repair, maintenance, consumables), or (3) for sale or customer service (merchandise, finished goods, spare parts). 2. Control-Device or mechanism installed or instituted to guide or regulate the activities or operation of an apparatus, machine, person, or system. 3. System-An organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etc.). These elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system. 4. Inventory Control System-A database used for storing and administering all types of data required for efficient and accurate warehouse inventory management. This may include modules or fields for keeping track of all items and locations, requisitions, back orders, required levels of inventory on hand, reorder points, lead times, inventory error tracking, and more. This type of system may interface with an ERP and other applications. 5. Effective-Having the desired result. 6. Efficient-performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort; having and using requisite knowledge, skill, and industry; competent; capable 7. Management-The directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions and oversee an enterprise. 8. The size of management can range from one person in a small organization to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large organizations, the board of directors defines the policy which is then carried out by the chief executive officer, or CEO. Some people agree that in order to evaluate a company’s current and future worth, the most important factors are the quality and experience of the managers 9. Perishable-goods that can lose its usefulness and value if not appropriately stored or transported, or if not utilized within certain period. 10. Periodic- a type of Inventory Control System in which merchandise purchases are recorded in the purchases account, and the inventory account balance is updated only at the end of each accounting period 11. Perpetual- a type which has traditionally been associated with companies that sell small numbers of high-priced items, but the development of modern scanning and computer technology has enabled almost any type of merchandiser to consider using this system. 12. Integrated- Strategy aimed at unifying different marketing methods such as mass marketing, one-to-one marketing, and direct marketing. Its objective is to complement and reinforce the market impact of each method, and to employ the market data generated by these efforts in product development, pricing, distribution, customer service, etc. 13. Information- Data that is (1) accurat e and timely, (2) specific and organized for a purpose, (3) presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and (4) can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty 14. Process- Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources (employee time, energy, machines, money) to convert inputs (data, material, parts, etc.) into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a known goal or end result is reached. 15. Accessibility- Extent to which a consumer or user can obtain a good or service at the time it is needed; Ease with which a facility or location can be reached from other locations 16. Storage- Non-transitory, semi-permanent or long-term, containment, holding, leaving, or placement of goods or materials, usually with the intention of retrieving them at a later time. It does not include the interim accumulation of a limited amount during processing, maintenance, or repair. 17. Software component- A software component is a unit of composition with contractually specified interfaces and explicit context dependencies only. A software component can be deployed independently and is subject to composition by third parties 18. Packaging- Processes (such as cleaning, drying, preserving) and materials (such as glass, metal, paper or paperboard, plastic) employed to contain, handle, protect, and/or transport an article. Role of packaging is broadening and may include functions such as to attract attention, assist in promotion, provide machine identification (barcodes, etc.), impart essential or additional information, and help in utilization. See also packing. 19. Shipping- The process of transporting an item, usually through the mail. Shipping is a very basic, common way of getting an item from one place to another, or from one person to another. 20. Franchise- Commerce: (1) A privilege granted to make or market a good or service under a patented process or trademarked name. (2) A business operating under such privilege. 21. Fast food chain- a chain of restaurants serving inexpensive food, such as hamburgers and fried chicken, prepared and served quickly.

Energy Production Opportunities From Community Waste Water Environmental Sciences Essay

In 2002 and 2003, the late Richard Errett Smalley ( 1943-2005 ) , Nobel Laureate in Chemistry ( 1996 ) , devised a list of the 10 most urgent jobs confronting humanity in the following decennaries [ 1 ] . Clean H2O was ranked as the 2nd most of import challenge for world. The standard that Smalley used to rank these jobs was their impact on other facets of human life. Water straight influences critical countries such as wellness and sanitation, resource efficiency and the protection of the environment. Urban H2O ingestion varies mostly from over 1 Ts per capita in developed states ‘ larger metropoliss to simply 3 L in the 3rd universe ‘s urban countries [ 2 ] . In the US, approximately 3 % of the one-year energy ingestion ( 75,000 to 100,000 GWh a twelvemonth ) is used to handle H2O and waste H2O in municipal installations [ 3 ] . In the peculiar instance of efficient waste H2O intervention, it is interesting that the cardinal literally lies in the job itself: waste H2O contains 9 times more energy than is used to handle it [ 4 ] . This means that H2O has a antic renewable potency, fact which is of great relevancy for a proper ecological record and for countries where clean H2O is merely barely available. A twosome of methods for roll uping energy from waste H2O have been tried with assorted grades of success. Biogas production through the agitation of organic affair is the most normally used method and presently has a recovery efficiency of approximately 40 % [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . Sludge incineration is besides used in order to dispose of solid affair and generate thermic energy for intervention workss [ 6 ] . Rearward osmosis, which has proven its efficiency in handling salt H2O, late entered use for cleaning industrial waste H2O [ 7 ] . Apart from these conventional methods, several new attacks have been studied, taking at a better energetic efficiency. The Microbial Fuel Cells ( MFCs ) are at the head of these fresh promotions [ 8 ] . A MFC typically works this manner: at the anode the organic affair is oxidized by micro-organisms ; the negatrons so travel through an external conductive wire to the cathode, therefore bring forthing electrical energy, while protons are transferred through a proton-exchange membrane. At the cathode, the negatrons combine with the protons and with O from the ambiance and form clean H2O. For the clip being, development is still in an early phase and important work has to be done for obtaining designs that can do MFCs feasible for all-out applications. The simplified theoretical account of a MFC is shown in Figure 1. Another possibility for H2O purification, already in usage as a desalinization engineering, is utilizing solar energy in a solar-still of assorted forms and designs – Figure 2 [ 9 ] .2. Short description of Buzau waste H2O intervention unitI was really excited by the proposed subject and so I decided to see with my ain eyes a waste H2O intervention unit. I chose the Waste Water Treatment Unit from the metropolis of Buzau ( WWTUB ) , as it corresponds to European Council Directive [ 10 ] , and I was given all the necessary information and the chance to take exposures of the chief constituents of the installing. In the Figure 3 the chief constituents of the unit are presented. The station is designed to function an tantamount population of 235,000, handling more than 72,000 m3/day of waste H2O. Under certain conditions conditions, a partial intervention of up to 120,000 m3/day is possible. The station treats waste H2O, pluvial H2O and industrial H2O after partial intervention. At this clip, WWTUB is handling about 22,000 m3/day of waste H2O ensuing in about 200 m3/day of sludge. The electrical energy necessary is 6,628 kW/day for H2O and 212 kW/day for sludge, ensuing in a monthly ingestion of about 212,040 kilowatts. From the biogas that is obtained about 72,540 kilowatts are produced each month, guaranting all thermic energy that is needed for the procedure of sludge treating and for internal usage. From the appraisals of the proficient staff, when the Cogeneration station will be connected to the National Electrical Network, the sum of produced energy will be significantly increased. The chief stairss in the intervention procedure are presented in the Figure 4 and include: – Primary intervention: harsh screen of big objects ; all right screen of big suspensions, littorals, and lubricating oil ; primary deposit. – Secondary intervention: consists of biological intervention through activated sludge and O extract through aeration. After the secondary deposit, 75 % of the sludge is sent back into the circuit, while the remainder of 25 % plus the sludge from the primary deposit is operated on ( through thickener, anaerobiotic digestion and centrifugal desiccation ) ensuing in biogas and solid mass ( fertiliser ) . The biogas is used to obtain electrical and thermic energy through a cogeneration system or a thermic station. – Tertiary intervention: has the intent of extinguishing extra compounds ( N and P ) and to disinfect the H2O. The riddance of N is done biologically by nitrification and subsequent denitrification, which transforms the nitrate into N, which is sent into the ambiance. Phosphorus riddance is performed chemically. The resulting H2O is sent into the Buzau River.3. Practical thoughts for energy efficient community waste H2O interventionFrom the showing of scientific literature, there is clearly an huge energetic potency in waste H2O. Unfortunately, up to this twenty-four hours this potency has been mostly underused, usual waste H2O interventions, although critical, being energy-consuming procedures. As depicted in the simplified diagram of an usual waste H2O intervention works ( Figure 5a ) , there are at least six stairss that require energy, for merely one measure that can bring forth thermic and electrical energy. As mentioned in the debut portion, the two methods that retained my attending were the Microbial Fuel Cell ( MFC ) and Solar Distillation ( SD ) . Even if these methods are in their early phases of development, and may be for the clip being unproductive, they do hold the possible to boom in the hereafter. My thought consists in uniting these methods in what I have named â€Å" A intercrossed MFC-SD waste H2O intervention works † and turn the separate restrictions of both methods into a cumulated advantage. Although such a intercrossed works affecting MFCs and solar stills would still necessitate electrical energy to run ( for all pumping operations ) , we can safely presume that this sort of works will hold a lower ingestion of energy and it could besides bring forth plenty electrical power to prolong itself. As it can be seen by comparing Figures 5a and 5b, the energy consuming/ energy bring forthing stairss ratio is 5/4 ( for the intercrossed works ) , a much better ration t han 6/1 ( for the usual works – Figure 5a ) . There are several advantages of this type of works, schematically represented in Figure 5b, that will be discussed individually for MFCs and solar distillment operations.3.1. Microbial fuel cells and plat-microbial fuel cell operationsSince MFCs and Plant Microbial Fuel Cells ( PMFCs ) [ 11 ] require organic affair to feed the micro-organisms ( chiefly anaerobic bacteriums, such as Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens ) , after a first harsh separation of big mechanical drosss, the waste H2O is introduced in the first MFC, where, at the same time with the bacterial debasement of organic affair and subsequent production of electricity, the aqueous slurry is thinning. After the first measure of solar vaporization, the staying slurry has concentrated plenty to be submitted to a 2nd MFC intervention where staying organic affair is farther decomposed by the same bacterium. The staying sludge after a 2nd solar distillment is used as food for the PMFC unit, where farther energ y is produced. The PMFC unit serves besides as a â€Å" baby's room † for bacterial population that is used to sow MFCs 1 and 2, but besides as â€Å" filter † to retain CO2 evolved in the MFCs. Indeed, in order to minimise the cost of the runing units, graphite electrodes can be used, the C easy transforming itself in CO2. Thus, evolved CO2 in MFCs 1 and 2 will function a dual intent: one as portion of the photosynthetic procedure in phytoplankton, algae and aquatic flora in the PMFC, and another one as hydrogen carbonate anion ( HCO3- ) , functioning as a scavenger for heavy metals. However, there are already surveies covering with the decrease of CO2 emanations [ 12 ] . In Figure 6, a PMFC is intuitively represented. The construct of MFCs is comparatively new ( less than a decennary old ) , but at that place already are rivals in the immature market of industrial and semi-industrial microbic cells, such as the Israel-based company, suggestively named Emefcy Co.3.2. Solar distillment operationsThe chief advantage of this operation is obtaining pure H2O at lower costs, a H2O that does n't necessitate a subsequent biological or chemical auxiliary purification measure. A proper design of the solar still could speed up the vaporization and H2O roll uping procedure [ 13 ] . An advantage of solar distillment is that it can besides disinfect the waste H2O, since most micro-organisms are sensitive toward UV radiation [ 14 ] ( that is the ground for which after the SD measure, waste H2O must be re-inseminated with microbic populations from the PMFC ) . However, a certain disadvantage could originate from the location and operating hours of these units. On the other manus, if the location permits it, before its discharge in next watercourses, this H2O could be used to bring forth more electricity in a micro-hydroelectrical works.4. DecisionIn my sentiment, the high energy potency of waste H2O must be regarded in position and with trust in adult male â₠¬Ëœs possible to bring forth efficient solutions. Bearing this in head, we must excite research on utilizing this possible and use the consequences on a graduated table that is going larger and larger. This is the lone manner we will accomplish better practical solutions and lower costs. There have been infinite jobs in world ‘s history that seemed impossible to be solved in an efficient and economical mode. However, we have ever managed, through wonder and doggedness, to happen inexpensive solutions that could be applied at a big graduated table. Take the computing machine, for case. Who would hold thought a twosome of decennaries ago that this machine, that used to make full an full room and was merely accessible to some, would of all time turn out to be literally at manus for about anyone. I am certain that, with the right support, my thought of sublimating H2O utilizing Microbial Fuel Cells and Solar Distillation can go a world excessively!

Great Depression vs Great Recession

The United States of America has gone through many different economic ups and downs, two of the most horrific downturns would be the current recession and The Great Depression though out 1929 to 1939. The cause of these two economic events cannot be blamed on one single person or a group, but on the United States as a whole who neglected to perform their economic duties. While these two deflationary periods in our economy have several differences, they have many similarities as well, such the difficulty in receiving money from bank banks but they differ in that the Great Depression was much more difficult to go through.These two economic hardships have very similar beginnings. In the 1920’s it was known as installments, today it is known as the credit. Both are the same concept, and then you pay back the original price along with a certain amount of interest. It is a great concept since the companies are earning money on the interest but when too much credit is given out it ca n adversely affect the economy. During the Great Depression everyone began buying stocks with money that was loaned out by banks.While the Great Recession the banks were lending too much money for mortgages. Eventually when the stock market and housing markets crashed, the banks didn’t have any money because all of it was given out on loans. What differs though between these economic time periods, would be that the Great Depression was significantly harder to live during. The Recession only lasted for 2 years while the Depression was throughout the entire 1930s. Also during this time, the center states were dealing with a severe drought.Unemployment rate was also much higher at 25% compared to the 8% to 9% now. Social security, medicare, variety of public assistance programs like unemployment payments and food stamps were largely non-existent in the 1930s. These two time periods of economic downfall were horrible times for people. While these two periods in our economy have s everal differences and many similarities as well, such the difficulty in receiving money from bank banks but they differ in that the Great Depression was much more difficult to go through.

Criteria for Heroes Essay

For individuals to be seen as heroes in ancient world they had to meet specific criteria. Above all, a man needed to be a skilled warrior, who had to respect authority, both governmental and religious. Heroes were given no room for pride, they were to be modest, not only giving credit to their culture and the gods for any great deeds they had done, but also accepting everything that happened as fate, not scenarios they had created for themselves. In other words, they did not make themselves who they are, rather they had been predestined to become it. The final requirement of being a hero was composure. Heroes were not permitted to be blinded by rage or have mood swings. Perhaps the greatest example of Achilles fighting skill is when he fights with and kills Hector, the greatest of the Trojan warriors. However, this fight may have never happened if Athena had not disguised herself as one of Hectors brothers and convinced him to fight. Achilles fails miserably at respecting anyone in authority, whether governmental or religious. He not only disrespects King Agamemnons authority, but also the goddess Athena herself. This lack of respect begins when Achilles calls an assembly of the Greeks, something only Agamemnon was able to do. He then proceeds to insult the king, telling him he is greedy, shameless, a cheater, and a drunk. To top it off, Achilles contemplates drawing his sword to strike down Agamemnon, and is only stopped by Athena grabbing his hair. Needless to say, killing the leader of your nation would be the ultimate act of disrespect to the government. Although he does so badly with respect for government authority, Achilles has no problem respecting human religious authority, only because he has no encounters with priests, prophets, and etceteras. However, he does show some disrespect to Athena for stopping his murder of King Agamemnon. Instead of following the goddess orders whole-heartedly, he does it quite reluctantly and talks back in the process. Humility is another requirement Achilles fails to meet. His excessive pride is seen throughout The Iliad. When he tells Agamemnon that he is withdrawing himself and all his forces from the Trojan War, Achilles makes it sound as if he has done greater things than anyone, putting himself on a pedestal. Never does Achilles credit anyone or anything for his success, including the  gods. It is always he himself who has done something. Although Achilles is so prideful about his deeds, he is able to accept Fate. As he reprimands his horses as if it were their fault Patroclos was killed, one of them tells Achilles his death is near. Achilles tells the horse he knows this, indicating he accepts it. Hector does not credit himself for his accomplishments. He usually gets around glorifying himself by thanking the gods. Achilles pride contributes to his downfall, and it also shows Hector to have far less hubris than his opponent. Composure may be the requirement Achilles is furthest from meeting. Almost every time his name is mentioned, he is in some fit of rage. His very first tantrum is when he about kills Agamemnon, only being stopped by Athena. His next episode of anger comes after the death of Patroclos, but it is actually helpful to the Greeks. Achilles charges over the battlefield, destroying all Trojan warriors he crossed paths with. The final act of Achilles great anger is after he kills Hector. Achilles is still deeply hurt by the death of his friend Patroclos, so he drags Hectors body behind his chariot, mutilating it. The Epic of Gilgamesh embodies the national ideals of the Sumerians who believed that coming of age of a young man especially one who would become king, required a ritual experience. That aided the young man to face his monsters, nature, gods, and the reflection of Gilgamesh found in his mirror image Enkidu. The Sumerians understood the need for such a quest of self because there is a person that resides in all of us, both benefactor and destroyer that must be identified and controlled before we can accept our adult responsibilities. This is why the story incorporates emotions, but they are also unrealistic. Gilgamesh must face his anger and learn to replace it with a sense of community that is much closer to love, not hate. His ego must also be trained to respond appropriately to both winning and losing because this is what life is for each of us. The ancient Greeks had strict criteria for individuals to follow if they were to be seen as heroes. Those requirements were skill in battle, respect for authority, humility, and coolness under fire. Not many men met all requirements, including Achilles and Gilgamesh, but they were still viewed  as heroes. When the emotions are brought under control, when each person is successful at slaying their â€Å"dragons,† then they can move into an adult position that requires control over all the dualities of love and hate, power and weakness, anger and joy, selfishness and community. Between Achilles and Hector, Hector was the better choice for the title of hero, he was respectful of authority, humble about his success, and was very levelheaded. Achilles had great fighting skill as well. However, he had trouble respecting authority and keeping his cool, both results of his excessive pride. If Achilles had not been so prideful, he could have been a much greater warrior and hero, perhaps achieving status equal to the gods. He simply had too much pride. As desired, Gilgamesh learns to do good deeds, and this is truly all that society asks of anyone.

A transcendentalist

A transcendentalist is a person who believes people should learns things for themselves rather than just accept things the way they are. Mark Twain is known for his transcendentalist perspective, and it shows through in the character, Huckleberry Finn. The conflict between society and the individual is a theme portrayed throughout Mark Twain's novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck was not raised in accord with the accepted ways of civilization. He practically raises himself, relying on instinct to guide him through life. As portrayed several times in the novel, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right, but he does not realize that his own instincts are more morally correct than those of society.When Huck crosses paths with Jim, he sees him as an equal; I was ever so glad to see Jim. I warnt lonesome now. Being this concerned for a slave was a shunned idea and it took a lot of intelligence and free-thinking to accept a nigger as an equal. Though today, equal rights seems like a simple concept, Hucks society told him that whites were superior and to free a slave is theft. Huck struggles with societys morals when his God-given instincts provide the better guidance. Huck writes a letter to Miss Watson to return Jim, but he ends up ripping the letter and decides to free Jim. All right, then, I'll go to hell and he tore it up. Here, we see society has tainted Hucks conscience so that he believe he will go to hell for freeing a slave.Though society does have some influence on him, its minimal compared to that of the average guy in the south in the 1870s. From the very beginning of Huck's story, Huck clearly states that he did not want to conform to society; The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me... I got into my old rags and my sugar hogshead again, and was free and satisfied.

Cuckoos Nest Analyst essays

Cuckoos Nest Analyst essays Thesis: R.P. McMurphy falsifying himself to become classified insane. Transferred from a correctional facility to a psychiatric ward, McMurphy is a sane as you can be. However, he is rather lazy and content with himself being in an asylum to escape physical labor. Not only is he an unmotivated worker, he also has a small gambling problem, which is very much identified in the book, and Im a gambling fool, (Kesey, 11) says McMurphy as he introduces himself to the patients, staff and whomever. If it was a matter of pride, McMurphy has none. Unless his life was taken away for some injustice he did and he knows that he will either spend the rest of his life working in fields all day, or sit around in little groups taking about everybodys mental dysfunctions. Thats one of the only reasons I can assume. There is a small issue dealing with control in the beginning of the book. McMurphy insinuates that he will be in control of this ward. I never thought it was a big deal until I realized that a control freak is a social dysfunction, not necessarily insane though. I figure, you see, buddy, to be sort of a gambling baron on this ward, deal a wicked game of blackjack. So you better take me to your leader and well get it straightened out whos gonna be boss around here. (Kesey, 18) This brings up another point. The gambling problem McMurphy brings to the ward. He wins other patients smokes, money and maybe even personal items. Although gambling is an addiction, a problem and there are groups for that, McMurphy is actually proving how swift and cunning he is. McMurphy even proves himself to be an entertainer, far from being shy like the other patients on the ward. His antics bring patients into laughter and fun like teaching the Chief how to block and score in basketball, getting some members liquored up, and just amusing the members of the asylum. ...

Analysis of Jims story of Po little Lizabeth in Huck Finn

Analysis of Jims story of Po little Lizabeth in Huck Finn How the passage conveys a theme:Through vivid imagery, situational irony, and a powerful emotional sequence, Twain gives the reader a memorable scene, one which conveys a powerful theme. Essentially, we see Jim, apparently a loving father, not even knowing his own daughter; he doesn't realize she is deaf and thus sends her "a-sprawlin'" across the room when she doesn't obey his command of shutting the door. It is situational irony; a person supposed to know this little girl the best doesn't at all. More importantly, Twain crafts the scene in a way that makes the reader slow down when he reads it; this is powerful as it allows the reader to focus on the vivid imagery of the scene. We see Jim busting out crying, grabbing his little daughter in his arms, regretting his actions and repenting for his sins. This imagery focuses on a major themeJim, a slave, has feelings too.Anti-Stratfordian Mark Twain, wrote "Is Shakespear...Thus, in Jim's narrative, Huck begins to see that even though he is a slave, Jim has strong familial ties and powerful emotions, and this is possibly a turning point in the novel regarding Huck and Jim's relationship. Twain accomplishes all of this in a simple, yet very emotionally powerful narrative.Message it sends to Twain's reader of 1884:Although slavery had been abolished by 1884, racism still existed. By portraying Jim with feelings (he was extremely sad and regretted slapping his daughter), Twain suggests that African-Americans are completely equal to whites. This is an eye opening passage, and Twain utilizes a sad narrative to show the reader of 1884 that blacks are equal to whitesnot just that they should be by law, but that they really are, and he uses Jim's emotion to show this.Message it creates for...